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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapters:
Chapter 1: The Living World
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Biology is the science of life forms and living processes. In nature there is
sharing of similarities among living organisms both horizontally and
vertically. That is all present-day organisms are related to each other and
also to all organisms that ever lived on this earth.
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Life is a unique, complex organization of molecules expressing itself through
chemical reactions that lead to growth, development, responsiveness,
adaptation, and reproduction.
Chapter 2: Biological
Classification
Since the dawn of civilization, there have been many
attempts to classify living organisms. Aristotle was the first to attempt a
more scientific basis for classification. He used simple morphological
characters to classify plants as trees, shrubs and grasses. He also divided the
animals into two groups, those who had red blood and those who did not.
The art of identifying differences between organisms and
classifying them into groups that reflect their most important properties and
relationships is called biological classification. The aim of biological
classification is to organize a large number of known plants and animals into
categories which can be named, memorized and studied.
Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom
Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom
Chapter 5: Morphology of
Flowering Plants
Morphology - (Morphe = form + logos = study). The studies
the forms and functions of various plant organs, such as roots, stems, leaves,
flowers, seeds, fruits, etc.
Chapter 6: Anatomy of
Flowering Plants
The Study of internal structure of the body of an organism
is known as Anatomy.
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Higher plants have a highly complex body made up of different types of cells.
All cells have the same origin but afterward they get differentiated into
different types of cells.
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A group of similar or dissimilar cells having a common origin, performing a
speciliased function is known as tissue where all cells remain is physical
contact.
Chapter 7: Structural
Organisation in Animals
Chapter 8: Cell: The Unit of
Life
Chapter 9: Biomolecules
Biomolecules is the study of chemical processes in living
organisms, including, but not limited to, living matter. Biomolecules governs
all living organisms and living processes. By controlling information flow
through biochemical signaling and the flow of chemical energy through
metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life.
Chapter 10: Cell Cycle and
Cell Division
Growth and reproduction are properties of cells and indeed
of all living organisms. All cells are multiplied by division into two, and
each parent cell produces two daughter cells each time they divide. These newly
formed daughter cells can grow and divide on their own, creating a new cell
population formed by the growth and division of a single parent cell and its
progeny. In other words, such growth and division cycles allow a single cell to
form a structure of millions of cells.
Chapter 11: Transport in
Plants
In a flowering plant the substances that need to be
transported are water, mineral nutrients, organic nutrients, and plant growth,
regulators.
Plants need to move molecules over very long distances, much
more than animals and they also do not have a circulatory system.
Water taken up by roots has to reach all parts of the plant,
up to the tip of stem and food synthesized by leaves also move to plants
including root tips.
Movement across short distances, say within the plant cell,
across the membranes and from cell to cell within the tissues also takes place.
Chapter 12: Mineral Nutrition
Mineral nutrition- It included absorption, distribution and
metabolism of various inorganic substances or minerals by plants
Chapter 13: Photosynthesis in
Higher Plants
Photosynthesis is the physio-chemical process by which solar
energy is trapped by autotrophic organisms to drive the synthesis of organic
compounds.
Chapter 14: Respiration in
Plants
The word respiration is derived from the Latin word
‘respirare’ (literally) means to breathe. It was in the late eighteenth century
that the chemistry of respiration was understood. The Dutch plant physiologist
Jan Ingenhousz first established that living plants exchange oxygen and carbon
dioxide with the external atmosphere
Chapter 15: Plant Growth and
Development
Growth in plants, as in any organism, consists of an
irreversible increase in size, which is commonly accompanied by an increase in
solid or dry weight and in the amount of protoplasm. Growth is an essential
character of life. In common practice, the term 'growth' may be applied to
several things and situations.
Chapter 16: Digestion and
Absorption
Chapter 17: Breathing and
Exchange of Gases
Chapter 18: Body Fluids and
Circulation
Chapter 19: Excretory
Products and their Elimination
Chapter 20: Locomotion and
Movement
Kinesiology is the scientific study of body movements. Most
animals move about from one place to another by swimming, flying or walking. To
move, all animals use the same basic mechanism: muscle contraction. Movement
especially on land, is complicated by gravity which tends to hold objects in
one place. Therefore, it becomes essential that a force is applied to overcome
gravity. For a muscle to produce movement, it must direct its force against
another object.
Chapter 21: Neural Control
and Coordination
As we know, the functions of the organs/organ systems in our
body must be coordinated to maintain homeostasis. Coordination is the process
through which two or more organs interact and complement the functions of one
another.
Chapter 22: Chemical
Coordination and Integration
What is TAXONOMY?
1. The word taxonomy was first used by A.P.de Candolle in
1813. It means a lawful arrangement of things. It is often considered as
synonymous with systematic botany. It deals with the identification,
nomenclature, and classification of plants.
2. The terms systematics, Taxonomy and classification are
often used interchangeably.
3. G. Simpson has
distinguished the three. (i.e., systematics, classification and taxonomy)
4. The study of the diversity of organisms, their
comparative and evolutionary relationships based on comparative anatomy,
ecology, physiology, biochemistry and other fields is known as
systematics. The term systematics was
coined by Linnaeus (father of taxonomy)
5. Classification – It is said to be a subtopic of taxonomy
or systematics that deals with arranging organisms into groups or categories
according to a systematic plan on the basis of their similarities, differences,
and relationships.
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